Grant received criticism for the affair, which had a particularly devastating effect on farmers as the prices of crops tumbled. Grant's meetings with Gould and Fisk prior to the affair also served to hurt the President's reputation.
While Gould and Fisk were prevented from cornering the market through Grant's intervention, their excellent legal defense and connections with judges enabled them to emerge from the disaster without penalty and with their large fortunes intact.
President Grant's military aide and private secretary Orville Babcock signs a treaty to annex Santo Domingo of the West Indies, and a second document to lease Samana Bay. The Senate defeats the annexation treaty on June 30, , and never votes on the Samana Bay treaty.
Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins. It will be the longest suspension bridge in the world when completed thirteen years later. Grant vetoes the Private Relief Bill and will continue to veto many additional relief bills during his two terms. The United States Weather Bureau is established. Originally, the Bureau is part of the Signal Corps.
The suffrage amendment is only partially successful. During Reconstruction, black men vote frequently; following Reconstruction, however, whites use discriminatory laws and taxes to disenfranchise black men. Grant issues a proclamation against the attempts of the Fenian Brotherhood to damage Anglo-United States relations by attacking Canada. The next day, the Fenian Army of Vermont attempts to invade Canada but is driven back.
The British government agrees to handle compensation for Canada in the Treaty of Washington in , which will be signed by both nations on May 8, Congress makes it a federal crime to deprive anyone of his civil or political rights by interfering with the right to vote.
It is the first of three such Enforcement Acts the legislature will pass. The act is designed to allow the federal government to take action against the Ku Klux Klan when local authorities fail to prosecute crimes. Congress passes an act creating a Department of Justice under the direction of an attorney general. A new tariff is passed following debates about tariff reduction. The new law maintains most existing protectionist features. The Federal Election Law passes, calling for federal supervision of elections in cities with populations greater than 20, The act is designed to ensure fair treatment of black voters in the South and is the second of three enforcement acts.
An Indian Appropriation Act is passed with an amendment ending tribal recognition and the treaty system. All Indians are made wards of the state. Grant establishes the first civil service commission. Without additional appropriations from Congress, however, the commission is rendered ineffective.
It outlaws activities such as wearing disguises, forming conspiracies, and intimidating officials. Grant has worked extensively to secure such legislation to fight the Klan and uses the provisions of the act to ensure fairness in the election of Also known as the third Enforcement Act, the bill was a controversial expansion of federal authority designed to give the federal government additional power to protect voters. The act established penalties in the form of fines and jail time for attempts to deprive citizens of equal protection under the laws and gave the President the authority to use federal troops and suspend the writ of habeas corpus in ensuring that civil rights were upheld.
Founded as a fraternal organization by Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, in , the Ku Klux Klan soon became a paramilitary group devoted to the overthrow of Republican governments in the South and the reassertion of white supremacy. Through murder, kidnapping, and violent intimidation, Klansmen sought to secure Democratic victories in elections by attacking black voters and, less frequently, white Republican leaders. In response to Klan violence, Congress passed the first of three Enforcement Acts on May 31, , to ensure that the provisions of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were followed.
The act, which made it a federal offensive to try to deprive anyone of his civil rights, had little effect on the deteriorating situation. A second Enforcement Act, passed on February 28, , established federal supervision over elections, but also did little to remedy the situation. After the failure in the House of a more powerful bill that would have given the federal government additional power to enforce election law, President Grant decided to intervene.
The President met with Congressional leaders to urge the passage of stronger legislation, and on their recommendation, Grant issued a direct appeal to Congress requesting a new law. President Grant put the new legislation to work after several Klan incidents in May.
He sent additional troops to the South and suspended the writ of habeas corpus in nine counties in South Carolina. Aided by Attorney General Amos T.
Akermen and the newly created Department of Justice, extensive work was done to prosecute the Klan. While relatively few convictions were obtained, the new legislation helped to suppress Klan activities and ensure a greater degree of fairness in the election of The Treaty of Washington is signed between the United States and Britain, initiating friendly relations between the two nations.
The treaty provides for an arbitration procedure to settle the Alabama claims, in which the United States demands that Britain pay for damages to American shipping during the Civil War caused by Confederate vessels built and equipped in England.
The treaty also renews Canadian-American fishing arrangements. A citizen's commission is formed in New York to investigate corruption at William M. A major political power in the city since its formation in , the organization had been associated with bribery and fraud.
Tammany's dedication to the city's lower classes and immigrants explains its endurance on the political scene. The city of Chicago is nearly burned to the ground in one of the worst disasters in U. The rise of skyscrapers, as part of the city's rebuilding project, marks an innovation in urban architecture. Grant appoints a special Interoceanic Canal Commission to determine the best of three proposed canal plans connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific. In February , the commission reports in favor of a route through Nicaragua.
Grant becomes the first President to veto a Private Pension Bill. He will veto five such bills while in office. An avid reformer, Greeley is first approved by Liberal Republicans who favor free trade, civil service reform, and the restoration of former Confederates' rights. The Democratic Party opts to endorse Greeley as the only candidate who can possibly defeat Grant and the Radical Republicans.
After a meeting in Geneva, the five-person arbitration panel established by the Treaty of Washington issues its report. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had expected this rejection and submitted claims to the panel in order to settle the issue and silence Sumner. The payment is made within one year without protest. Grant is reelected in the largest popular-majority victory for a Republican in the nineteenth century.
He wins The result is more an expression of dislike for Greeley than support for Grant. The House of Representatives adopts a resolution to investigate the relations of Credit Mobilier in conjunction with the Union Pacific Railroad. In , the New York Sun published the story of a scandal in which Union Pacific Railroad directors used the dummy Credit Mobilier Corporation to pay themselves from the railroad treasury; additionally they had bribed congressmen to avoid an investigation.
Thirteen Senators are involved, although only two receive censure. A coinage act passed by Congress omits silver currency due to scarcity. Congress passes an appropriations bill raising senior government salaries and providing two years' back pay for members of Congress.
The underlying causes for the panic are rapidly expanding railroads, over-speculation in land and securities, and excessive issuance of paper money and inflation. As rampant selling takes place, the panic will cause the New York Stock Exchange to close for ten days on September The Panic initiates six years of depression.
A Spanish cruiser near Cuba captures an alleged U. Before Spain's instructions not to impose the death penalty could reach Cuba, fifty-three of the men captured on the ship are executed. Tensions are calmed when Secretary of State Fish and the Spanish minister to the United States sign an agreement providing for the return of the remaining prisoners and the payment of an indemnity. William M. The court of appeals will reduce his sentence, but Tweed will be arrested again in connection with other charges after his release.
Tweed escapes from prison in and flees to Cuba and then Spain before being recaptured. Samuel J. Tilden gains recognition for his role in breaking up the Tweed ring and reasserting control of the Democratic organization in the city. Grant understands the motivation behind the measure but believes that inflating the currency is a dangerous strategy. Grant sends five thousand troops and three gunboats to New Orleans; the resistance ends two days later.
Grant and the Republicans are criticized severely for the intervention. Benefiting from public discomfort over the economy and governmental corruption, Democrats enjoy success in midterm congressional elections, gaining seats in the Senate and a majority in the House. These legislators will take a more aggressive approach to the Grant scandals. The group is founded after a massive movement to protest the traffic of liquor in the Midwest spreads across the country. The Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty is signed, making the islands a virtual protectorate of the United States.
The treaty gives preferential and exclusive trade status to Hawaii and prevents the Hawaiians from giving any territory to a third power. The Specie Resumption Act is passed, allowing fractional currency and legal-tender notes to be redeemed for coin, beginning January 1, Sponsored by John Sherman, the bill also increases the number of national banks throughout the country.
Grant sends a special message to Congress approving the bill. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act of , guaranteeing black Americans equal rights in public places and prohibiting their exclusion from jury duty. Sunday, September 11 Programs on grounds of park from am - pm Includes historic presentations, campaigning and voting, and hands-on activities.
Louis , MO Explore This Park. Info Alerts Maps Calendar Reserve. Alerts In Effect Dismiss. Dismiss View all alerts. Election of Logan, Virginia Minor, Horace Greeley, and Frederick Douglass Saturday, September 10 Programs on grounds of park from am - pm Includes historic presentations, campaigning and voting, hands-on activities, and historic band 12 pm and 3 pm Evening program under tent from - pm Includes presentations by Frederick Dent and NY newspaper reporter, William H.
Garfield Chester A. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Bush Bill Clinton George W.
Help inform the discussion Support the Miller Center. University of Virginia Miller Center. Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections. Breadcrumb U. Presidents Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. The Campaign and Election of After four years in office, Grant's popularity was still high but a segment of the Republican Party was disenchanted with his policies.
More Resources Ulysses S. Grant Presidency Page. Grant Essays Life in Brief. Life Before the Presidency. Campaigns and Elections Current Essay.
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