Answer: NO Locate. Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 12 on your answer sheet. A to advise Ph. D students not to cheat while carrying out research. B to encourage Ph. D students to work by guesswork and inspiration. C to explain to Ph. D students the logic which the scientific research paper follows. D to help Ph. D students by explaining different conceptions of the research process Answer: D. Please descibe the mistake as details as possible along with your expected correction, leave your email so we can contact with you when needed.
Please enter description. Please enter a valid email. Solution for: The scientific method Answer Table 1. YES 3. YES 6. Follow us on Facebook Mini ielts. The scientific method. Questions Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Questions Do the following statements reflect the opinions of the writer in Reading Passage? Questions 12 Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 12 on your answer sheet. D students not to cheat while carrying out research B to encourage Ph.
D students to work by guesswork and inspiration C to explain to Ph. D students the logic which the scientific research paper follows D to help Ph.
The hypothesis he formed based on his observations included the following:. To scientists, a theory is a coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world. In popular use, a theory is often assumed to imply mere speculation, but in science, something is not called a theory until it has been confirmed over many independent experiments.
Theories are more certain than hypotheses, but less certain than laws. The procedures and processes for testing a theory are well-defined within each scientific discipline. Example: Between and Mendel cultivated and tested some 28, pea plants which brought forth two theories of how character traits are inherited.
Ironically, when Mendel's paper was published on , it had little impact. It wasn't until the early 20th century that the enormity of his ideas was realized. A scientific law is a description of a natural phenomenon or principle that invariably holds true under specific conditions and will occur under certain circumstances. Example: In the early 20th century, after repeated tests and rejection of all competing theories Mendel's Laws of Heredity were accepted by the general scientific community.
Lots of historical and scientific information about Gregor Mendel and his work can be found at the Mendel Museum. Example 2: In the late 17th Century, Nicholas Steno established some natural laws relating to geology. Reference Books. Cutler, Alan Scientific inquiry often involves doing experiments, though not always.
For example, a scientist studying the mating behaviors of ladybugs might begin with detailed observations of ladybugs mating in their natural habitats.
While this research may not be experimental, it is scientific: it involves careful and verifiable observation of the natural world. The same scientist might then treat some of the ladybugs with a hormone hypothesized to trigger mating and observe whether these ladybugs mated sooner or more often than untreated ones. This would qualify as an experiment because the scientist is now making a change in the system and observing the effects. These researchers investigated whether a vaccine may reduce the incidence of the human papillomavirus HPV.
Preliminary observations made by the researchers who conducted the HPV experiment are listed below:. Researchers have developed a potential vaccine against HPV and want to test it.
What is the first testable hypothesis that the researchers should study? The next step is to design an experiment that will test this hypothesis. There are several important factors to consider when designing a scientific experiment. First, scientific experiments must have an experimental group.
This is the group that receives the experimental treatment necessary to address the hypothesis. The experimental group receives the vaccine, but how can we know if the vaccine made a difference?
Many things may change HPV infection rates in a group of people over time. To clearly show that the vaccine was effective in helping the experimental group, we need to include in our study an otherwise similar control group that does not get the treatment. We can then compare the two groups and determine if the vaccine made a difference. The control group shows us what happens in the absence of the factor under study.
A placebo is a procedure that has no expected therapeutic effect—such as giving a person a sugar pill or a shot containing only plain saline solution with no drug. Moreover, if the doctor knows which group a patient is in, this can also influence the results of the experiment.
Without saying so directly, the doctor may show—through body language or other subtle cues—his or her views about whether the patient is likely to get well. Both placebo treatments and double-blind procedures are designed to prevent bias. Bias is any systematic error that makes a particular experimental outcome more or less likely.
Errors can happen in any experiment: people make mistakes in measurement, instruments fail, computer glitches can alter data. The scientists who are researching the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine will test their hypothesis by separating 2, young women into two groups: the control group and the experimental group. Answer the following questions about these two groups. A variable is a characteristic of a subject in this case, of a person in the study that can vary over time or among individuals.
Sometimes a variable takes the form of a category, such as male or female; often a variable can be measured precisely, such as body height. Ideally, only one variable is different between the control group and the experimental group in a scientific experiment. Otherwise, the researchers will not be able to determine which variable caused any differences seen in the results. For example, imagine that the people in the control group were, on average, much more sexually active than the people in the experimental group.
If, at the end of the experiment, the control group had a higher rate of HPV infection, could you confidently determine why? Maybe the experimental subjects were protected by the vaccine, but maybe they were protected by their low level of sexual contact.
To avoid this situation, experimenters make sure that their subject groups are as similar as possible in all variables except for the variable that is being tested in the experiment.
This variable, or factor, will be deliberately changed in the experimental group. The one variable that is different between the two groups is called the independent variable. An independent variable is known or hypothesized to cause some outcome.
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