Medium-fertility variant. Main Page: Demographics of Japan. Life Expectancy. Infant Mortality. Deaths under age 5. The Yearly Population Growth Rate chart plots the annual percentage changes in population registered on July 1 of each year, from to Definitions Year : as of July 1 of the year indicated. Read More Definitions The world was shocked and pained to watch home videos taken by the local residents.
It forced citizens to seek safety outside of their buildings and homes. The earthquake caused minor collapse and fires in many parts of Tohoku. When they thought the worst was over, all were surprised when a foot tsunami swept through the Miyagi prefecture. It had cleared everything in its path and took the lives of people who did not have enough time to reach higher ground. Since the epicenter of the earthquake was located off the shore, the violent quake had forced the ocean above it to move.
Because of this, it had caused a major tsunami in Japan and minor ones reaching up to North America. At the end of it, all the combination of the tsunami and earthquake has forced several nuclear reactors in the region to fail with Fukushima as one of the worst hit. The meltdown turned the prefecture into a no-go zone forcing thousands of people out of their homes.
For those who have known Fukushima as their home for all their life, they now have no choice but to look elsewhere for a new home. All in all, Honshu has a population of roughly million which comprises more than 50 percent of the Japanese people.
It is the seventh-largest island in the world, the most populous island in Japan, and the second most populous island in Asia next to Java of Indonesia. What is interesting about this is that 25 percent of the million is found in the Kanto region alone. For those who are wondering why this is where most of the main business districts are located. This is also where the Greater Tokyo Area is found.
Not only is it home to local residents, it is also home to foreign migrants who work for international companies located in Tokyo. Since Honshu is home to Kyoto, the historical capital city of Japan and Tokyo, the modern capital city of Japan, the culture in this part of the country is very strong. The Aoi Festival celebrated in Kyoto is one of the festivals in Japan with the most elaborate parades.
The parades consist of individuals in historical costumes and makeup because they relive the glory days of Kyoto when it was still the capital city of Japan. More than people are included in the parades all dressed in noble and aristocratic style clothing.
At the end of the parade, offerings are given to the deities of the Kamo Shrine — an offering by the Emperor to the gods. It is one of the three most popular festivals in Japan. Accordingly, Japan recorded negative economic growth in for the first time in the post-war period. Following the second oil crisis in , efforts were made to change Japan's industrial structure from "energy-dependent" to "energy-saving", enabling Japan to successfully overcome inflation.
In the s, the trade imbalance with advanced industrial countries expanded because of the yen's appreciation. As a result, domestic demand-led economic growth was achieved. At the end of the s, Japan's economy enjoyed favorable conditions, with stable wholesale prices and a low unemployment rate. Corporate profits were at their highest level in history, and corporate failures were at their lowest level, while investments in plant and equipment for manufacturing products, such as semiconductors, were very active.
Stock and land prices continued to rise rapidly, and large-scale urban developments and resort facility developments in rural areas progressed at a very fast pace. However, excessive funds flowed into the stock and real estate markets, causing abnormal increases in capital asset values forming an economic bubble. At the end of , Japan's net worth national wealth stood at 1, trillion yen, 5. It then increased, reaching 3, trillion yen, 8. At the beginning of , stock prices plummeted, followed by sharp declines in land prices.
This marked the start of major economic recession collapse of the bubble economy. Japan's financial and economic systems, which were excessively dependent on land, consequently approached collapse. Due to the collapse of the bubble economy, the national wealth decreased, and while there were fluctuations, continued on a downward trend.
Since , it has been on an upward trend. At the end of , it was 3, trillion yen. Massive bad debts were created in financial institutions' loan portfolios, as corporate borrowers suffered serious losses due to declining land prices.
As a result, shareholders' equity in financial institutions shrank. In , large banks began to fail. In and , the government injected public money into the banking sector to stabilize the financial system. The Japanese economy began to make a moderate recovery in February This, however, was only a temporary phenomenon, as investments in plant and equipment were weak and the recovery was too dependent on foreign demand and information and communication technologies. With the global decline in IT demand from mid, Japan's exports to Asia dropped, necessitating adjustments of excess inventory and production facilities.
In line with this, the Japanese economy again entered into an economic downturn in On the economic recovery phase starting at the beginning of , the corporate sector, with export-related industries, as the central part, became favorable based on the steady recovery of the global economy, and shifted generally with a bullish tone up until mid At the start of , the Japanese economy was faced with a standstill in its path to recovery as private consumption and investments in plant and equipment fell flat and so did production.
This occurred against the backdrop of soaring crude petroleum and raw material prices and repercussions from the American subprime mortgage loan problem that, since mid, rapidly clouded future prospects for the world economy further. In addition, the bankruptcy of the major American securities firm Lehman Brothers in September led to a serious financial crisis in Europe and the U.
Japan was also affected by the yen's rise and the sudden economic contraction in the U. Declining exports contributed to a large drop in production and a sharp rise in unemployment. Subsequently, the Japanese economy recovered with foreign demand and economic measures after April , and came to a standstill starting around October In early , however, it began to rally.
The Great East Japan Earthquake taking place on March 11, , and the nuclear power plant accident caused by it weakened the economic recovery. In order to achieve an early end to deflation and break free of economic stagnation, in January , the government set forth its "three-arrows" strategy also known as "Abenomics".
The first "arrow" is "aggressive monetary policy". The Bank of Japan BOJ made it clear that it would set two percent annual growth rate of consumer price index as a "price stabilization target". The BOJ also introduced "quantitative and qualitative monetary easing" to double the monetary base over two years. The second "arrow" is "flexible fiscal policy". An emergency economic stimulus package with a scale of approximately 10 trillion yen was developed.
The third "arrow" is "growth strategy that promotes private investment". Efforts are being made in growth strategies such as encouraging investments by private corporations based on the easing of regulations. Amidst these initiatives, the Japanese economy has continued to show signs of moderate recovery, with profits of companies at high levels.
However, due to factors like the slowdown in the Chinese economy, and a lull in global demand for information-related goods, weakness has been evident in some areas of export and production since the second half of On the other hand, the increasing trend in domestic demand has been maintained, supported by factors like improvement in the employment and income environment, and high company profits.
Although Japan is working to resume and expand its economic activities while putting in place measures to combat infection, there is still a great deal of concern about disease at home and abroad, and the future remains extremely uncertain.
Japan's industrial structure has undergone a major transformation since the end of World War II. The chronological changes in the industrial structure during this period by industry share of employed persons and GDP show that shares in the primary industry in particular have fallen dramatically since , when Japan experienced rapid economic growth. During the s, the secondary industry's share of employed persons and GDP also began to decline gradually. On the other hand, the tertiary industry's share of them have risen consistently.
In , the primary industry accounted for In , the corresponding shares of these three sectors were 4. As for GDP by type of economic activity, in , the primary, secondary and tertiary industries accounted for 5.
In , these figures were 1. According to the " Economic Census for Business Activity", there were 5. The average number of persons engaged per establishment was With regard to the number of establishments by the major groupings of the Japan Standard Industrial Classification, the most numerous category was the "wholesale and retail trade", numbering 1.
In terms of the number of persons engaged, establishments in the "wholesale and retail trade" ranked first as they employed The domestic manufacturing industry has progressed in the relocation of production bases overseas, for the cutback on production costs, the production in consumption areas, and the evasion of fluctuations in exchange rates.
The number of overseas affiliates in the manufacturing industry was 11, companies at the end of fiscal , and the overseas production ratio was This was on the same level as the previous fiscal year, when the ratio was the highest ever recorded. In the future, it is anticipated that companies in the manufacturing industry in Japan will expand their overseas business. There are many companies that are planning on expanding their business to China, India, Vietnam and Thailand.
Japan's fiscal year starts in April, and ends in March of the following year. In setting the national budget, the government submits a proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year to the Ordinary Session of the Diet, which begins in January. The proposal is then discussed, and approved usually before the fiscal year begins in April initial budget. In the event that the Diet does not approve the budget by the end of March, an interim budget comes into effect.
The interim budget is effective from the beginning of April until such time when the proposed budget is approved. If it becomes necessary to amend the budget in the course of a fiscal year, the government submits a supplementary budget for Diet approval. As with the fiscal supplementary budget, the initial budget for fiscal also includes a contingency fund for COVID Japan's national budget consists of the general account budget, special account budgets, and the budgets of government-affiliated agencies.
Using revenues from general sources such as taxes, the general account covers core national expenditures such as social security, public works, education and science, and national defense. Special accounts are accounts established for the national government to carry out projects with specific objectives, and their management and administration are independent of the general account.
The number and particulars of special accounts change from year to year; for fiscal , there are a total of 13 special accounts, including the National debt consolidation fund, the Local allocation tax and local transfer tax, and the Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake.
Government-affiliated agencies are entities established by special laws and are entirely funded by the government. In the national government finance, expenditure has continued to surpass revenue. Since fiscal in particular, the worsening economy has decreased tax revenue, contributing to an increasing gap between revenue and expenditure.
From fiscal to fiscal , bond issues exceeded tax revenue in most years, but starting in fiscal , tax revenue began to exceed borrowing.
However, in fiscal , the supplementary budget for the contingency fund for COVID was covered solely by government bonds, leading to bond issues exceeding tax revenue. The size of the general account budget for fiscal was trillion yen, an increase of 5.
This is equivalent to In fiscal , major expenditures from the initial general account budget include social security With regard to revenue sources for the fiscal initial general account budget, consumption tax, income tax and corporation tax account for Even with the addition of other taxes and stamp revenues, these revenue sources only amount to There are two budget categories in local government finance: the ordinary accounts and the public business accounts.
The former covers all kinds of expenses related to ordinary activities of the prefectural and municipal governments. The latter covers the budgets of independently accounted enterprises such as public enterprises water supply and sewerage systems, hospitals, etc. While expenditures such as defense expenses are administered solely by the national government, a large portion of expenditures that directly relate to the people's daily lives are disbursed chiefly through local governments.
The revenue composition of local governments usually remains almost the same each fiscal year, while their budget scale and structure vary from year to year. The largest portion of fiscal net revenues came from local taxes, accounting for The second-largest source, Finance refers to revenue and expenditure of administrative services from national and local governments. In the initial budget for fiscal , the gross total of national government expenditure was trillion yen, the net total was trillion yen after eliminating duplications between both accounts.
Furthermore, the local public finance plan, which consists of the estimated sum of ordinary accounts for the following fiscal year for all local governments, amounted to 92 trillion yen. Therefore, after eliminating duplications between national and local accounts 36 trillion yen , the net total of both national and local government expenditures combined was trillion yen. The settlement amount for fiscal , the net total of national and local government expenditures was trillion yen.
The national government disbursed A function-by-function breakdown of these expenditures showed that social security expenditure accounted for the largest portion Public bonds are issued to compensate for shortages of national and local revenues. Their issue volumes have increased mainly due to, for example, economic stimulus measures and decreasing tax revenues after the bubble economy ended at the beginning of The bankruptcy of the major American securities firm Lehman Brothers in and the Great East Japan Earthquake of led to a major economic downturn, and for 4 years from fiscal , bond issues continued to exceed tax revenue, but from fiscal to , tax revenue picked up and exceeded bond issues.
However, the spread of COVID in caused a sudden contraction of the economy, and a huge supplementary budget for fiscal was financed by an additional issue of government bonds. Japan's ratio of outstanding general government debt to GDP, a stock measure in a fiscal context, is particularly high even compared to other major industrialized countries.
Taxes consist of national tax income tax, corporation tax, etc. The ratio of taxation burden, which is the ratio of national and local taxes to national income, was This ratio gradually increased thereafter, reaching The ratio subsequently decreased due to the decline in tax revenue arising from the recession that ensued after the bubble economy ended, reaching In fiscal , it was Japan's ratio is lower in comparison with other major industrial countries.
However, the consumption tax rate was raised from 8 to 10 percent on October 1, due to the need to transition Japan's social security system, which is currently focused on benefits for the elderly, to an "all-generation type" usable by anyone, from children and youth to the elderly. As the central bank, the Bank of Japan i issues banknotes; ii manages and stores treasury funds and provides loans to the government; iii provides deposit and loan services to general financial institutions; and iv implements monetary policies by adjusting the level of money stock to promote the sound development of the economy.
At the end of , currency in circulation totaled The Bank of Japan compiles and publishes statistics on the following indices of money stock: i M1, or currency in circulation plus deposit money deposited at depository institutions; ii M2, or currency in circulation plus deposits deposited at domestically licensed banks, etc.
The average amounts outstanding of money stock in was trillion yen in M1 and 1, trillion yen in M2. In January , the government and the Bank of Japan decided to strengthen policy coordination in order to overcome deflation and achieve sustainable economic growth with stable prices. In April , the Bank of Japan changed the operating target for money market operations from the uncollateralized overnight call rate to a monetary base to facilitate quantitative easing.
In September , it was decided to introduce "QQE with Yield Curve Control" by strengthening these two policy frameworks, in order to achieve as early as possible the "price stability target" of a 2 percent year-on-year increase in consumer prices. Japan's monetary base is the amount of currency supplied by the Bank of Japan. It is the combined total of banknotes in circulation, coins in circulation, and current account deposit in the Bank of Japan.
It was In addition to the Bank of Japan, Japan's financial system is comprised of private and public financial institutions. Private financial institutions include those that accept deposits banks, credit depositories, agricultural cooperatives, etc. In the course of the financial system reform, mergers and restructuring progressed among major banks, resulting in their being reorganized into three major financial groups.
The number of regional banks and credit depositories has also declined significantly due to the progress of corporate mergers. This number is expected to decline further in the future. As of the end of September , in the number of offices operated domestically, including the branches of financial institutions, post offices had the largest network with 23, offices.
Domestically licensed banks, including city banks and regional banks, had a combined total of 13, offices and branches. The fundamental role of the bank sector is to adjust the surplus and deficiency of funds.
The corporate sector has been in a fund surplus throughout the year, and thus the percentage of loans to bank assets has generally been on a consistent downward trend. The Flow of Funds Accounts Statistics, which is a comprehensive set of records of financial transactions, assets and liabilities, indicates that financial assets in the domestic sectors totaled 7, trillion yen at the end of March Of these assets, those of the domestic nonfinancial sector were 3, trillion yen.
Of this sector, the household sector including the business funds of individual proprietorships had assets of 1, trillion yen, in the forms of deposits, stocks and other financial assets. In Japan, the household sector holds more than 50 percent of its financial assets in cash and deposits. Stock prices in Japan rose sharply in the second half of the s, spearheading the bubble economy. However, it started to fall in ahead of land prices. At the end of , the total market capitalization in the Tokyo Stock Exchange First Section was trillion yen, but only 3 years later, it had dropped by more than 50 percent to trillion yen.
Even after recovering to trillion yen at the end of , the stock market repeatedly fell and rose afterwards. The bankruptcy of the major American secrities firm Lehman Brothers in September led to a fall in total market capitalization, which amounted to trillion yen at the end of From to , there has been major upturn as a result of the effects of various measures, including a comprehensive economic policy package called "Abenomics".
In , the high yen in Japanese economy was corrected due to expectations toward anti-deflationary economic and fiscal policies by the new government, and share prices soared. In April , changes in policies of the Bank of Japan were regarded as affecting stocks and markets, and the Nikkei Stock Average at the end of was 16, Afterwards, the Nikkei Stock Average in April recovered to the 20, yen level for the first time in 15 years.
The closing value at the end of was 27, In terms of value, the ratio of stocks they possessed was The ratio of Japanese stocks held by foreign investors total of corporations and individuals was Internet trading thus accounted for Over the course of Japan's economic growth, its agricultural, forestry and fishing industries have employed fewer and fewer workers every year, and their nominal GDP share has also dropped.
The number of employed persons decreased from 5. Japan's total agricultural output in was 8. Among this, crops yielded 5. Livestock yielded 3. In , the number of farm households engaged in commercial farming which refers to households with of cultivated land under management 0.
Of these commercial farm households, Of the commercial farm household members, 2. In , agricultural gross income per management unit was 6.
On the other hand, agricultural expenditures increased 4. As a result, agricultural income declined by 8. Japan's cultivated acreage shrank year after year from 6. After , the cultivated acreage has continued to decrease due to diversion into residential land, ruined land continuously resulting from devastated land, etc.
As of , Japan's forest land area is Among Japan's forests, natural forests account for Japan's forest growing stock is 5, million cubic meters as of , 3, million cubic meters of which are from planted forests. The stock rose mainly with the increase of that from planted forests on deforested sites right after World War II and during the period of rapid economic growth. Such forests are in a period of full-scale use as resources.
There is a need to further promote use of domestic timber as lumber in housing, public buildings, etc. After reaching a low of Although the number of workers engaged in forestry is declining due to a slowdown in domestic lumber production activities, the pace of decline has slackened in recent years. In , there were 63, workers engaged in forestry, approximately one out of five workers was aged 65 and over.
Japan is facing a problem in that its fishery production is in a declining trend over the long term. This is likely due to a variety of factors, such as changes in the marine environment and more intensive operations by foreign fishing boats in waters surrounding Japan. There are thought to be many fishery resources whose decline could have been prevented or mitigated with more appropriate resource management.
After peaking in , Japan's fishery output decreased rapidly until around , and has continued to decrease gradually afterwards. Its fishery production totaled 4. The number of fishery workers those aged 15 years old and over who have worked at sea for 30 days or more in the past year continues to decline. In , the number of such workers was , workers, down 4. While the aging of workers and fishing vessels progresses fisheries have been gaining attention as a place for employment, based on the diversification of values regarding work and life, and support is being provided for new fishery workers.
With regard to Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio on a calorie supply basis, although there is a downward trend over the long term, it has been fluctuating at a level of around 40 percent since fiscal Whereas the ratio was 53 percent in fiscal , it was 38 percent in fiscal The major reason behind the decrease in the food self-sufficiency ratio is that while declining in consumption of rice, for which demand can be met with domestic production, diversification of the Japanese dietary life has led to increased consumption of livestock products and oils and fats, for which overseas dependence for feed and raw materials is inevitable.
In fiscal , the self-sufficiency ratio per item on weight basis was 97 percent for rice, 16 percent for wheat, 7 percent for beans, 79 percent for vegetables, 38 percent for fruits, 52 percent for meat, and 52 percent for seafood. While almost completely self-sufficient in rice, the staple food of its people, Japan rely almost entirely on imports for the supply of wheat and beans. Japan's present food self-sufficiency ratio is the lowest among major industrialized countries, and Japan is thus the world's leading net importer of agricultural products.
The proportion of added value produced in Japan's manufacturing sector to its nominal GDP has been around 20 percent recently, and the sector has a large ripple effect on other sectors. In years past, Japan's manufacturing industry has faced a variety of unforeseeable circumstances and drastic changes in the business environment. These include the Nixon Shock and two oil crises in the s, the strong yen recession following the Plaza Accord in the s, the bursting of the bubble economy and the Asian currency crisis in the s, and the bankruptcy of the major American securities firm Lehman Brothers, the European debt crisis, and the Great East Japan Earthquake in the 21st century.
Each time that Japan's manufacturing industry has faced these kinds of unforeseeable circumstances and drastic changes in the business environment, it has been able to overcome them and evolve. However, to overcome the recent crisis caused by COVID will require even more substantial reforms than before. In , there were , establishments with 4 or more persons engaged in the manufacturing sector. By industry, "fabricated metal products" had the most, with 25, establishments component ratio of In , there were 7.
The value of manufactured goods shipments in was This section describes the major industries in the manufacturing sector. These decreases in both production and shipments were due to a decrease in "passenger cars", "car body and automobile parts", etc.
These decreases in both production and shipments were due to a decrease in "metal forming machinery", "construction and mining machinery", etc. These decreases in both production and shipments were due to a decrease in "switching devices", "electrical rotating machinery", etc. This marked the first increase in production in 2 years, and the second consecutive year of decrease in shipments.
The increase in production was due to an increase in "integrated circuits", "electronic parts", etc. The decrease in shipments was due to a decrease in "electronic devices", etc. These decreases in both production and shipments were due to a decrease in "parts of general-purpose machinery", "pumps and compressors", etc.
This marked the second consecutive year of decrease in production, and the third consecutive year of decrease in shipments. The decrease in production was due to a decrease in "consumer electronics", "information terminal device", etc. Oil, zinc, and copper are found on the island. The Shinano, the longest river of Japan, traverses central Honshu. Most of the rivers of the island are short and swift, feeding many small hydroelectric plants. Earthquakes are common, and have at times been devastating , , in parts of the island.
The climate of Honshu has a wide range from the north with its snowy winters to the subtropical south. Agriculture is varied; rice, other grains, cotton, fruits, and vegetables are grown.
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